Carcinoma
Carcinoma
Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the endodermal, mesodermal or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis.
Carcinomas are also known as no melanoma skin cancers. A carcinoma is a cancerous tumour of the epithelial tissue, which is the tissue underneath the skin. Epithelial tissue is also present in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and other organs, which means that carcinomas can affect areas of the body other than the skin.
BCC is several times more common than the squamous cell type. A rare form of skin cancer also exists called Merkel cell carcinoma. Healthcare professionals define the different carcinomas by the type of cell in which they occur.
BCC develops in the basal cells, which are round skin cells that lie deep in the skin’s epidermis below the squamous cells. They form the base layer of the epidermis, which meets the dermis. BCC is unlikely to spread, but doctors who suspect that an individual has this type of carcinoma will still refer them for further assessment.
Cancer occurs when a single progenitor cell accumulates mutations and other changes in the DNA, histones, and other biochemical compounds that make up the cell's genome. The cell genome controls the structure of the cell's biochemical components, the biochemical reactions that occur within the cell, and the biological interactions of that cell with other cells. Certain combinations of mutations in the given progenitor cell ultimately result in that cell a number of abnormal, malignant cellular properties that, when taken together, are considered characteristic of cancer, including.
Carcinomas, however, have much higher mutation frequencies. The particular frequency depends on tissue type, whether a mis-match DNA repair deficiency is present, and exposure to DNA damaging agents such as components of tobacco smoke.
A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone synthesis past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epigenetic permutations.
While a permutation in a DNA repair gene, itself, would not confer a selective advantage, such a repair defect may be carried along as a passenger in a cell when the cell acquires additional mutations that do provide a proliferative advantage. Such cells, with proliferative advantages and one or more DNA repair defects.
The criteria for staging can differ dramatically based upon the organ system in which the tumour arises. For example, the colon and bladder cancer staging system relies on depth of invasion, staging of breast carcinoma is more dependent on the size of the tumour, and in renal carcinoma, and staging is based on both the size of the tumour and the depth of the tumour invasion into the renal sinus. Carcinoma of the lung has a more complicated staging system, taking into account a number of size and anatomic variables.
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Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research